Order Description

Answer 5 of the questions below. Preserve the original numbering in your answer.
1) a. What four factors are involved in Lewin’s formula for psychological force?
b. How is psychological force a basis for motivation?
c. How do the four factors in Lewin’s formula contribute to motivation?

2) a. What is temporal discounting, and how does it affect motivation?
b. How are the concepts of impulsiveness and self-regulation related to temporal discounting?

3) a. What are psychoactive drugs?
b. People enjoy eating when hungry and putting on a sweater when cold, but psychoactive drugs motivate people in other ways. How do psychoactive drugs differ from these behaviors, regarding the
motivational aspects of the pleasure that they provide?
c. What do many psychoactive drugs have in common regarding where they have their effects (in the brain)?

4) The section in Ch. 8 that discusses motive to achieve success (Ms) and motive to avoid failure (Maf) (pp. 213-215) discusses several studies designed to test the effects of Ms and Maf on
behavior. Explain two of these studies in your own words. (That is, what was the procedure of each, what were the results of each, and what do those results mean?)

5) a. Discuss three factors that affect the value or utility of an incentive. Include a brief example of each.
b. What effect does incentive value or utility have on the motivation of behavior?

6) a. What is goal commitment?
b. How can goal commitment be measured?
c. How can goal commitment be increased?

7) a. Which do people typically prefer: predictable stressors or unpredictable stressors?